Cropped 5 November 2025: Nature finance at COP30; Storms devastate crops; Brazilian deforestation decline

<p class="has-text-align-center"><em>We handpick and explain the most important stories at the intersection of climate, land, food and nature over the past fortnight.</em></p>

<p class="has-text-align-center"><em>This is an online version of Carbon Brief’s fortnightly Cropped email newsletter. Subscribe for&nbsp;<a href="https://subscribe.carbonbrief.org/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">free here.</a></em></p>

<h1 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Key developments</strong></h1>

<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>COP30 build-up</strong></h3>

<p><strong>FOREST FIX:</strong> In the run-up to COP30, Brazil announced that deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon dropped by 11% between August 2024 and July 2025, the <a href="https://apnews.com/article/deforestation-brazil-drop-amazon-data-government-fire-drought-e6f6133a3a7c1c0fcd44c9875ced0357">Associated Press</a> reported. Data showed that almost 5,800km2 of forest was cleared during this time, the outlet said – a “significant drop from the previous year and the lowest level in nearly a decade”. <a href="https://news.mongabay.com/2025/10/heading-into-cop-brazils-amazon-deforestation-rate-is-falling-what-about-fires/">Mongabay</a> noted that deforestation also fell by around 11% in the Cerrado ecosystem in the past year. The <a href="https://www.thetimes.com/uk/environment/article/deforestation-cop30-brazil-vvfs706vj">Times</a>, meanwhile, assessed global progress on a pledge to halt and reverse deforestation by 2030.</p>

<p><strong>AIMS AND AMBITION: </strong>Malaysia and Indonesia, two of the world’s most biodiverse countries, announced updated <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-half-of-global-emissions-covered-by-2035-climate-pledges-after-un-summit-in-new-york/">climate targets</a> ahead of COP30, according to <a href="https://www.eco-business.com/news/malaysia-indonesia-announce-refreshed-climate-targets-ahead-of-cop30/">Eco-Business</a>. Malaysia’s new pledge outlined that its greenhouse gas emissions will peak between 2029-34, the outlet reported, while Indonesia’s pledge detailed plans to hit peak emissions by 2030. <a href="https://en.antaranews.com/amp/news/388537/indonesia-intensifies-reforestation-push-to-meet-climate-targets">Antara</a> reported that Indonesia’s environment minister, Hanif Faisol Nurofiq, said “large-scale reforestation” in the land-use sector will be key to achieving these targets.&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>NATURE TALKS:</strong> Elsewhere, intersessional talks for UN biodiversity negotiations failed to agree on a “clear set of recommendations” for the next major round of discussions, to be held in October 2026, <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/wildlife-biodiversity/panama-meeting-parties-fail-to-agree-on-text-of-recommendations-for-conventional-on-biological-diversity">Down to Earth</a> reported. Countries focused on a number of topics, including the first global report on progress towards meeting 2030 nature targets. Another <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/wildlife-biodiversity/panama-meetings-cbds-new-body-outlines-plan-to-ensure-participation-of-indigenous-local-communities">Down to Earth</a> article reported on the outcomes of the first meeting of the permanent body for Indigenous peoples, which “ended with recommendations for how this new body will function”, the outlet said. These will be put forward to countries at the COP17 summit in Armenia next year.</p>

<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Deadly cyclones damage crops</strong></h3>

<p><strong>‘HEAVY BLOW’:</strong> Hurricane Melissa – “one of the strongest landfalling Atlantic hurricanes ever recorded” – tore through several Caribbean nations and dealt a “heavy blow” to fisherfolk and farmers in Jamaica, the <a href="https://apnews.com/article/hurricane-melissa-farmers-jamaica-cuba-haiti-wfp-880f6182c6054f8b65a34872d9e211cc">Associated Press</a> reported. The island is still recovering from last year’s Hurricane Beryl, causing farmers to “warn of food shortages”, according to the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2025/nov/02/jamaican-farmers-warn-of-food-shortages-after-destruction-of-hurricane-melissa-video">Guardian</a>. The <a href="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20251103/st-ann-fisherfolk-credit-early-preparations-minimising-hurricane-melissa">Gleaner</a>, a Jamaican newspaper, wrote that fisherfolk in the country’s largest parish, St. Ann, “credited early and proactive preparations” for averting the loss of “boats, equipment and livelihoods”.</p>

<p><strong>AG SECTOR SUFFERS:</strong> The same week, Cyclone Montha “battered” the eastern coast of India, “bringing heavy rain and gusty winds that damaged crops”, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/cyclone-montha-damage-estimated-603-million-indian-state-says-2025-10-30/">Reuters</a> said. It added that the storm killed 120 animals in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh and that the agricultural sector “suffered the highest losses”. According to the <a href="https://www.ptinews.com/editor-detail/Cyclone-%E2%80%98Montha%E2%80%99-damages-87-000-hectares-of-crops-in-Andhra/3047857">Press Trust of India</a>, nearly 80,000 farmers in the state were affected by flooding and damaged crops. One farmer died by suicide “after his cotton and maize crops were damaged” by the storm, <a href="https://telanganatoday.com/farmer-dies-by-suicide-after-seeing-crop-damage-by-cyclone-montha-in-asifabad">Telangana Today</a> reported.</p>

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<p><strong>‘RUN OF DISASTERS’: </strong>Earlier this week, Typhoon Kalmaegi killed 66 people in the Philippines, the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/nov/05/typhoon-kalmaegi-typhoon-kalmaegi-death-toll-rises-to-52-as-widespread-flooding-hits-central-philippines">Guardian</a> reported. <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/4/two-dead-as-typhoon-kalmaegi-brings-massive-flooding-in-central">Al Jazeera</a> said that the country is still “recovering from a run of disasters, including earthquakes and severe weather events, in recent months”. In the <a href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/187103/floodflation-and-perennial-crops">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>, retired scientist Prof Teodoro Mendoza wrote that the country is “at a crossroads of food fragility and food security”. He called for “rooting strategies in local knowledge, climate adaptation and food sovereignty”.</p>

<h1 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>News and views</strong></h1>

<p><strong>CARBON COMMITMENT: </strong>Nigeria approved a “new national carbon market framework”, with an aim to “unlock up to $3bn annually in carbon finance”, <a href="https://carbon-pulse.com/451585/">Carbon Pulse</a> reported. The <a href="https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/832062-tinubu-approves-national-carbon-market-framework-operationalisation-of-climate-fund.html">Premium Times</a> noted that, in addition to the framework, the country approved the operationalisation of a national climate change fund and reinstated funding for the National Council on Climate Change. The newspaper added that Nigerian president Bola Tinubu had “reaffirmed his administration’s commitment to mainstreaming climate action into national development”.</p>

<p><strong>DEGRADATION TRENDS: </strong>Around 1.7 billion people worldwide are living in places where human-driven land degradation is leading to falling crop yields, representing a “growing threat to agricultural productivity and food security”, according to a new report from the <a href="https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/2bac78fc-d146-415e-a127-659f06e239b0">UN Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. The annual “state of food and agriculture” report said the large-scale degradation was a “troubling pattern” that “may drive further agricultural expansion into fragile ecosystems” – with implications for climate change and biodiversity loss.</p>

<p><strong>‘DECISIVE WIN’: </strong>Argentine president Javier Milei’s La Libertad Avanza party secured a “decisive win” in the country’s midterm elections, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentines-vote-high-stakes-test-mileis-libertarian-vision-2025-10-26/">Reuters</a> said. Before the vote, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentinas-farmers-give-milei-vote-confidence-before-midterms-2025-10-24/">Reuters</a> reported that farmers were “renewing their vote of confidence” in Milei for “lowering unpopular export taxes”. In September, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinese-buyers-book-least-10-argentine-soybean-cargoes-sources-say-2025-09-23/">Reuters</a> reported that these lowered taxes were increasing soya bean exports to China, particularly in the face of “Washington’s trade war with Beijing”.</p>

<p><strong>LICENCE TO KRILL: </strong>Russia “spark[ed a] diplomatic row” after illegally detaining a Ukrainian biologist, the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/oct/26/russia-ukrainian-biologist-leonid-pshenichnov-arrest-treason-antarctic-krill-overfishing">Guardian</a> reported. Russia has accused Dr Leonid Pshenichnov of “high treason” by encouraging restrictions to krill harvesting around Antarctica, which “would harm the economic interests of Russia”, according to arrest documents seen by the newspaper. It added: “This year, for the first time, the amount of krill fished in Antarctic waters reached what scientists believe is an unsustainable level.”</p>

<p><strong>JUST CAUSE: </strong>American pop star Billie Eilish announced that she will be donating $11.5m of the proceeds from her upcoming tour to “causes dedicated to food equity, climate justice and reducing carbon pollution”, <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/billie-eilish-billionaires-donate-more-of-their-wealth/">CBS News</a> reported. Eilish also called for the world’s “ultra-wealthy” to donate more of their money to helping others, the outlet added. Meanwhile, Sir David Attenborough has “urged” people to support an effort to raise £30m to purchase the Rothbury Estate in north-east England, “with plans to boost wildlife, restore bogs and promote nature-friendly farming”, <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1d0x39x270o">BBC News</a> said.</p>

<p><strong>EEL-EGAL TRADE: </strong>Eel trafficking is “Europe’s biggest wildlife crime” – an industry worth about €2.5bn annually – and, combined with “habitat loss, pollution and the climate crisis”, is driving the slippery fish towards extinction, the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/oct/22/illegal-eel-trade-trafficking-europe-biggest-wildlife-crime-endangered">Guardian</a> said. The newspaper noted that despite international policing efforts – including a European ban on eel exports 15 years ago – the “fish are still ending up on plates around the globe”. In a separate piece, the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/oct/30/toxin-levels-in-fish-lead-to-calls-for-uk-wide-ban-on-mercury-dental-fillings">Guardian</a> reported on “mounting pressure” in Britain to ban mercury dental fillings. The mercury in fillings can be released into the environment after death and subsequently builds up in wildlife, causing detrimental effects.</p>

<h1 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Spotlight</strong></h1>

<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Betting on trees</strong></h3>

<p><em>This week, Cropped examines Brazil’s flagship new forest fund and what COP30 could mean for nature and climate finance.&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>

<p>The COP30 UN climate talks begin in the heart of the Amazon rainforest next week, but they are not taking place in a vacuum.&nbsp;</p>

<p>The talks in Belém, Brazil come after a year of <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-nearly-a-tenth-of-global-climate-finance-threatened-by-trump-aid-cuts/">aid cuts</a> and the fallout from finance negotiations in <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop29-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-baku/">Baku</a> last year.</p>

<p>The Brazilian COP presidency’s most high-profile solution to address the funding gap has been a new funding mechanism: the <a href="https://tfff.earth/">Tropical Forest Forever Facility</a> (TFFF).</p>

<p>Through the TFFF, Brazil hopes to raise $125bn from donor countries, philanthropists and private investors, reassuring them of returns, while “rewarding” up to 74 tropical forest countries that sufficiently protect their forests.&nbsp;</p>

<p>However, days before the summit, <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-11-05/cop30-uk-will-not-invest-in-brazil-s-tropical-forest-fund">Bloomberg</a> reported that the UK would not be investing in the TFFF and Brazil’s finance minister was quoted <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-11-04/cop30-brazil-lowers-initial-target-for-tropical-forest-forever-facility">saying</a> the fund “could raise $10bn by next year”, less than half the original target.</p>

<p>While 20% of funds raised are supposed to go to Indigenous peoples and local communities, critics warn that TFFF puts <a href="https://tfff.earth/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/TFFF-Concept-Note-3.1.pdf">investor returns first</a>, with uncertain rewards going to countries and those tasked with preserving forests.</p>

<p>Another concern is that the TFFF is <a href="https://tfff.earth/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/TFFF-Concept-Note-3.1.pdf">not designed</a> to serve as an official fund for any of the UN’s three treaties – climate, biodiversity and land degradation – forged in Brazil at the historic “Earth Summit” in 1992.</p>

<p>Forest ecologists, meanwhile, <a href="https://e360.yale.edu/features/tropical-forest-forever-facility-cop30">worry</a> that the low threshold for defining intact forests is “not scientifically credible” and “would allow payments even where industrial logging is occurring in primary forests”. Others <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop30-could-brazils-tropical-forest-forever-fund-help-tackle-climate-change/">deem</a> the proposed $4 per hectare in rewards as “ridiculous” and not enough to displace intensive agriculture in these forests.</p>

<p>However, TFFF <a href="https://tfff.earth/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/TFFF-Concept-Note-3.1.pdf">argues</a> that “including forest areas with lower canopy cover does provide an incentive for maintaining these areas”.&nbsp;</p>

<p>But that is not all.</p>

<p>Just as <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop28-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-dubai/">COP28</a> pushed to include a goal to “triple renewable capacity”, Brazil – the world’s second largest biofuels producer – could ask countries to “quadruple the global use of ‘sustainable fuels’, including controversial biofuels”, reported the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/oct/16/brazil-ask-countries-quadruple-biofuel-use-leak-suggests">Guardian</a>&nbsp;</p>

<p>(For more on biofuels and their climate impacts, see <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-countries-are-using-biofuels-to-meet-their-climate-targets/">Carbon Brief</a>’s explainer.)</p>

<p>At the same time, <a href="https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/carbon-offsets-2023/biodiversity.html">biodiversity offsets</a> and <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-can-nature-based-solutions-help-address-climate-change/">carbon credit markets</a> are seeing an additional boost in time for COP30.</p>

<p><a href="https://carbon-pulse.com/450683/">Carbon Pulse</a> reported that nine states in the Brazilian Amazon are set to launch a unified biodiversity crediting scheme, while Nigeria has <a href="https://carbon-pulse.com/451585/">greenlighted</a> its national carbon market framework.</p>

<p>So far, <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-half-of-global-emissions-covered-by-2035-climate-pledges-after-un-summit-in-new-york/">only a third</a> of all countries have submitted new climate pledges for 2035, despite a deadline well in advance of COP30 (although more pledges may roll in at the summit).&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p><a href="https://climatefundsupdate.org/about-us/our-team/liane-schaletek/">Liane Schalatek</a>, a climate finance expert at German policy thinktank <a href="https://www.boell.de/en">Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung</a> tells Carbon Brief that 10 years after the Paris Agreement, “all of the discourse” about finance from developed countries is now around private sector involvement, instead of their legal obligations. She says:</p>

<p>“Seen in this context, [the TFFF] is weakening [the official funds that] we already have. And we&#8217;re doing that right at COP30, when we know that not only are NDCs <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/unep-new-country-climate-plans-barely-move-needle-on-expected-warming/">too weak</a>, but even for what developing countries have [pledged so far], they are not going to see the funding. It&#8217;s just sad.”</p>

<p>To <a href="https://greenfinanceobservatory.org/about-us/">Frederic Hache</a>, co-founder of the <a href="https://greenfinanceobservatory.org/">Green Finance Observatory</a> thinktank, the “funding gap narrative is basically a lot of political choices” that avoid tackling the “root drivers” of tropical forest loss. Hache tells Carbon Brief:</p>

<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p>“If you say the issue is a lack of funding and the government is powerless, you empower private finance to say they hold a solution, [that] we need to cajole them so that they very kindly agree to participate and help and save us.</p>
</blockquote>

<div class="wp-block-spacer" style="height: 20px;"></div>

<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p>“But change diets, shift harmful subsidies and – boom – [this results in] less deforestation for agriculture that is not used to feed humans. That would be a serious political commitment and unlock serious grant money for countries to have the right incentives.” </p>
</blockquote>

<div class="wp-block-spacer" style="height: 20px;"></div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Watch, read, listen</h2>

<p><strong>GREENWASHING GLOSSARY: </strong>With agriculture high on the COP30 agenda, <a href="https://www.desmog.com/2025/10/26/big-ag-greenwashing-climate-summit-cop30/">DeSmog</a> published a list of “big agwashing” buzzwords to watch out for.</p>

<p><strong>TALKING TRAFFICKING: </strong>The <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/podcast/in-focus-podcast-why-are-species-extinct-in-the-wild-and-now-only-in-captive-collections-top-priority/article70189057.ece">Hindu’s</a> In Focus podcast spoke with Vivek Menon – the new chair of the IUCN species survival commission – about the rise of online wildlife trafficking.</p>

<p><strong>SULAWESI POSTCARD: </strong>A <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/10/24/magazine/sulawesi-indonesia-earth-secrets-biodiversity.html">New York Times</a> interactive feature offered a glimpse into life in the rainforests and reefs of Sulawesi island, off the eastern coast of Borneo.</p>

<p><strong>LOGGING OFF: </strong>A <a href="https://veza.news/article/2025/10/27/forest-is-life-but-nigerias-last-rainforest-is-falling-fast/">Veza News</a><strong> </strong>longread looked at logging activities threatening “Nigeria’s last rainforest”.</p>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading">New science</h2>

<div class="wp-block-spacer" style="height: 20px;"></div>

<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Expanding irrigation “substantially decreases” net flows of water from the atmosphere to the land, leading to “enlarged” rates of depletion of terrestrial water and “further aggravating the existing drying trends caused by climate change” | <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s44221-025-00529-1">Nature Water</a></li>

<li>A literature review found “substantial limitations” in current research surrounding the environmental impacts of farming insects for human or animal consumption | <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.70076">Biological Reviews</a></li>

<li>Ammonia emissions – largely resulting from farming – can significantly increase the formation of aerosols in the upper atmosphere, “with potential implications for climate” | <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2506658122">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></li>
</ul>

<div class="wp-block-spacer" style="height: 20px;"></div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading">In the diary</h2>

<div class="wp-block-spacer" style="height: 20px;"></div>

<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>10-21 November: </strong><a href="https://cop30.br/en">COP30 UN climate talks</a> | Belém, Brazil</li>

<li><strong>24-29 November:</strong> <a href="https://enb.iisd.org/plant-genetic-resources-food-agriculture-itpgrfa-gb11">Eleventh session of plant treaty negotiations</a> | Lima, Peru</li>

<li><strong>24 November-5 December:</strong> <a href="https://cites.org/eng/disc/cop.php">COP20 UN talks on the international trade of endangered species</a> | Samarkand, Uzbekistan</li>
</ul>

<p class="has-text-align-center"><em>Cropped is researched and written by </em><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/author/giulianaviglione" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"><em>Dr Giuliana Viglione</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/author/arunachandrasekhar" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"><em>Aruna Chandrasekhar</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/author/daisydunne" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"><em>Daisy Dunne</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/author/orladwyer/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"><em>Orla Dwyer</em></a><em> and </em><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/author/yanine-quiroz/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"><em>Yanine Quiroz</em></a><em>. Please send tips and feedback t</em>o <a href="mailto:[email protected]" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"><em>[email protected]</em></a></p>

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<p>The post <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/cropped-5-november-2025-nature-finance-at-cop30-storms-devastate-crops-brazilian-deforestation-decline/">Cropped 5 November 2025: Nature finance at COP30; Storms devastate crops; Brazilian deforestation decline</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org">Carbon Brief</a>.</p>