Interactive: Who wants what at the COP30 climate change summit

<p>Negotiators from around the world will soon descend on Brazil as it prepares to host the latest round of UN climate talks, on the banks of the Amazon river.</p>

<p>COP30 in Belém will see them discuss issues including the best ways to track progress on adaptation and how to pursue a global “<a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/clean-energy-the-challenge-of-achieving-a-just-transition-for-workers/">just transition</a>”.</p>

<p>Some of the event’s most important topics, such as countries’ new climate targets and raising international climate finance to $1.3tn, will officially take place outside the formal negotiations.</p>

<p>Nevertheless, these issues will likely drive much of the COP30 narrative.</p>

<p>In order to track parties’ positions on key negotiating points at the summit, Carbon Brief has analysed nearly 100 submissions to the UN and captured them in the interactive table below.</p>

<p>The first column in the table shows the countries and UN <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/interactive-the-negotiating-alliances-at-the-paris-climate-conference/">negotiating blocs</a>, the second shows the topics up for debate and the third indicates specific issues within those topics.</p>

<p>The final column indicates the positions that the parties have expressed on each topic. These range from “priority” – meaning the party is likely to be pushing the issue – to “oppose”, meaning it is likely to push against it.</p>

<p>This is a “living document” that will be updated during the course of COP30.</p>

<p>Please get in touch if you would like to offer additions to the table by emailing <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>.</p>

<p>Explanations of the overarching issues and jargon-filled language that permeate the talks can be found below the interactive table.</p>

<div class="b-wide-image" id="cop30-table" style="text-align: center;"></div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Adaptation</h2>

<p>At <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop28-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-dubai/">COP28</a> in 2023, governments adopted a “framework” for the “<a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-cop30-could-finally-agree-how-to-track-the-global-goal-on-adaptation/">global goal on adaptation</a>”, which was originally included in the <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/interactive-the-paris-agreement-on-climate-change/">Paris Agreement</a>, but had seen little progress till then.</p>

<p>Over the following two years, negotiators and experts have been discussing a list of measurable “indicators” that can be used to track global progress on adaptation.&nbsp;</p>

<p>At COP30, a final list of 100 of these indicators is expected to be adopted, making it one of the key concrete outcomes <a href="https://cop30.br/en/brazilian-presidency/letters-from-the-presidency/third-letter-from-the-presidency">expected</a> at the summit in Belém.</p>

<p>From an initial list of more than 5,000 potential indicators, a group of experts worked to refine this down into a set of around 500 in <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/bonn-climate-talks-key-outcomes-from-the-june-2025-un-climate-conference/">June</a>. This has been reduced further to 100 proposed final indicators, which will be negotiated at COP30.&nbsp;</p>

<p>These indicators must be both specific enough to allow for accurate measurement of progress and versatile enough to apply to the vast array of location-specific adaptation practices.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>Beyond the list of indicators, <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/bonn-climate-talks-key-outcomes-from-the-june-2025-un-climate-conference/">divergences</a> between parties remain around the topics of the “<a href="https://www.c2es.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/C2ES-Baku-Adaptation-Roadmap-Submission.pdf">Baku Adaptation Roadmap</a>”, the concept of “<a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-the-ipccs-sixth-assessment-on-how-climate-change-impacts-the-world/">transformational adaptation</a>” and adaptation finance. (See the <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-cop30-could-finally-agree-how-to-track-the-global-goal-on-adaptation/">Carbon Brief</a> Q&amp;A on the adaptation indicators for more details.)</p>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Climate finance</h2>

<p>As ever, discussions of “climate finance” – the financial resources channelled into climate action in developing countries – are likely to feature prominently at COP30.</p>

<p>Last year, countries had a deadline to decide on a new global climate-finance target known as the “<a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop29-what-is-the-new-collective-quantified-goal-on-climate-finance/">new collective quantified goal on climate finance</a>” (NCQG), meaning this issue took centre stage at the <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop29-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-baku/">COP29</a> negotiations.</p>

<p>In Belém, formal climate-finance negotiations are less prominent. However, the launch of the “Baku to Belém roadmap to $1.3tn” ahead of the summit will provide an opportunity for parties to reflect on the topic and may influence wider negotiations.</p>

<p>The roadmap was mandated last year, due to a view among developing countries that the NCQG’s main target of “at least” $300bn a year by 2035 was <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-why-the-300bn-climate-finance-goal-is-even-less-ambitious-than-it-seems/">insufficient</a>.</p>

<p>Parties and negotiating blocs have made 36 <a href="https://unfccc.int/topics/climate-finance/workstreams/baku-to-belem-roadmap-to-13t#Submissions">submissions</a> to the Baku to Belém consultation process, outlining what they want to see reflected in the final roadmap.&nbsp;</p>

<p>While the submissions refer to the Baku to Belém outcome specifically, they tend to reflect countries’ broader positions on the topic of climate finance.</p>

<p>Familiar issues, such as developing countries calling for more grant-based finance and developed countries stressing the importance of the private sector, feature prominently.</p>

<p>(For more analysis of countries’ positions on the roadmap, see Carbon Brief’s explainer on this topic.)</p>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Just transition and global stocktake</h2>

<p>Besides climate-adaptation indicators, the COP30 presidency has <a href="https://cop30.br/en/brazilian-presidency/letters-from-the-presidency/third-letter-from-the-presidency">highlighted</a> two other negotiating strands as priorities – the “<a href="https://unfccc.int/topics/just-transition/united-arab-emirates-just-transition-work-programme">just transition work programme</a>” (JTWG) and the “<a href="https://unfccc.int/documents/643395">dialogue</a>” on implementing the outcome of the first “<a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop28-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-dubai/">global stocktake</a>”.</p>

<p>The former refers to discussions between parties about how best to support those affected by the transition to a low-carbon world.&nbsp;</p>

<p>As for the stocktake dialogue, this involves taking forward the outcomes from <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop28-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-dubai/">COP28</a>, where countries were called on to contribute to various targets, including “tripling” global renewable energy capacity and “transitioning away” from fossil fuels.</p>

<p>There remain fundamental differences between parties about the scope of both of these discussions.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Broadly within the JTWP, developing countries want to see a holistic transition that takes into account not just fossil-fuel workers, but the wider communities and groups impacted by the low-carbon transition, along with financial support from developed countries needed to underpin this.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Developed countries generally want to keep the negotiations focused on labour and how to share knowledge from “<a href="https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/A%20compilation%20of%20best%20practices%20on%20JT%20and%20EDT.pdf">best practice</a>” examples of transition management.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Within the stocktake dialogue, some large developing countries – particularly the <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/interactive-the-negotiating-alliances-at-the-paris-climate-conference/">Like-Minded Developing Countries</a> (LMDCs) – want discussions to focus on climate finance.</p>

<p>Other developing countries and developed countries <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/bonn-climate-talks-key-outcomes-from-the-june-2025-un-climate-conference/">have pushed</a> for a focus on climate ambition, including transitioning away from fossil fuels.</p>

<p>By the start of COP, nations are expected to have <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-95-of-countries-miss-un-deadline-to-submit-2035-climate-pledges/">submitted</a> their new climate plans under the <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/interactive-the-paris-agreement-on-climate-change/">Paris Agreement</a>, known as <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-what-are-intended-nationally-determined-contributions/">nationally determined contributions</a> (NDCs).&nbsp;</p>

<p>To date, only around one-third of countries have announced or submitted their 2035 climate pledges, covering roughly <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-half-of-global-emissions-covered-by-2035-climate-pledges-after-un-summit-in-new-york/">half of global emissions</a>.&nbsp;</p>

<p>The ambition – or lack of it – contained in these plans will set the stage for talks in Belém.</p>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading">COP reforms</h2>

<p>A decade on from the Paris Agreement, many experts have voiced concerns about the way COPs work and called for various reforms. (See <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop-experts-how-could-the-un-climate-talks-be-reformed/">Carbon Brief</a>’s “COP experts: How could the UN climate talks be reformed?”)&nbsp;</p>

<p>Some of these proposals – including major changes such as the introduction of <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-the-challenge-of-consensus-decision-making-in-un-climate-negotiations/">majority voting</a> – have come from outside the COP process.</p>

<p>However, the Brazilian COP30 presidency has brought some of these discussions into the formal negotiations under the heading of “<a href="https://unfccc.int/event/sbi-63">arrangements for intergovernmental meetings</a>” (AIM). Here, countries have the opportunity to discuss improvements in the way the COP operates.</p>

<p>Under AIM, <a href="https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/SubmissionsStaging/Documents/202505291506---Australia%20-%20AIM%20submission.pdf">some parties</a> have suggested ideas for streamlining the COP process, such as <a href="https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/SubmissionsStaging/Documents/202505291506---Australia%20-%20AIM%20submission.pdf">reducing</a> the number of items on the agenda, potentially through multi-year planning so that discussions at each summit are more focused, or through limiting the number of new issues that can be introduced.</p>

<p>Other ideas include, <a href="https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/SubmissionsStaging/Documents/202505071953---LDC%20Submission%20on%20streamlining%20Agendas_2025.docx.pdf">capping</a> the number of participants allowed to attend each summit and giving a more formal status to the COP “action agenda”, where pledges from countries or other actors are often made, but not always tracked and followed up.</p>

<p>See Carbon Brief’s previous interactive tables showing “who wants what” at <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/interactive-who-wants-what-at-the-cop26-climate-change-summit/">COP26</a>, <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/interactive-who-wants-what-at-the-cop27-climate-change-summit/">COP27</a>, <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/interactive-who-wants-what-at-the-cop28-climate-change-summit/">COP28</a> and <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/interactive-who-wants-what-at-the-cop29-climate-change-summit/">COP29</a>.</p>

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<p>The post <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/interactive-who-wants-what-at-the-cop30-climate-change-summit/">Interactive: Who wants what at the COP30 climate change summit</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org">Carbon Brief</a>.</p>