Perovskite solar cell based on Mxene achieves record-breaking efficiency of 25.75%

<p class="p1"><span class="s1">A research team in Spain has built what it claims to be the world's most efficient perovskite solar cell using MXenes or any other type of 2D-materials. The device relies on a Mxene interlayer that suppresses non-radiative recombination and improved charge extraction at the interface between the perovskite absorber and the electron transport layer.</span></p><p>Researchers at Spain's <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/03/11/photovoltaic-forced-ventilated-facade-for-applications-with-air-source-heat-pumps/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">University of the Basque Country</a> (UPV/EHU) have fabricated a perovskite solar cell based on a light absorber incorporating two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx), which is also known as <a class="topic-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/mxene" title="Learn more about MXene from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">MXene</a>.</p>
<p>MXene<span class="aCOpRe"> compounds take their name from their graphene-like morphology and are made via selective etching of certain atomic layers from a bulk crystal known as MAX. Recently, these materials have shown promise for use in PV technology due to their unique optoelectronic properties, such as their large charge carrier mobility, excellent metallic conductivity, high optical transmittance, and tunable work function (WF). </span></p>
<p><span lang="en-GB">&#8220;We placed MXene at the interface of the electron transport layer (ETL) based on tin oxide (SnO2) and the perovskite absorber</span><span lang="en-GB"> to minimize oxygen vacancy and defects,&#8221; the research's corresponding author, <span class="accordion-tabbed__tab-mobile accordion__closed">Shahzada Ahmad</span>, told <strong>pv magazine</strong>. &#8220;The chlorine-terminated MXenes we used significantly reduced the oxygen vacancy present at the buried interface.&#8221;</span></p>
<p>Terminating Mxene with chlorine helped to effectively reduce pinholes and particle aggregation that are commonly associated to the dispersion of MXene in the absorber, the scientists said.</p>
<p>Through scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images, they could verify that the placement of the Mxene interlayer underneath the perovskite layer creates changes in the patterns and a different crystallization surface in the perovskite material, with Raman spectroscopy also finding enhanced crystal quality.</p>
<p>Further analysis confirmed that the bonding between the MXene layer and SnO2 eliminates oxygen vacancies on the SnO2 surface and mitigates interactions with existing surface defects.</p>
<p><img alt="" class="size-medium wp-image-324733 aligncenter" height="306" src="https://www.pv-magazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/thumbnail_image006-600x306.png" tabindex="0" width="600" /></p>
<p>The academics built the cell with a substrate made of indium tin oxide (ITO), the SnO2 ETL, the Mxene layer, the perovskite absorber, a hole transport layer (HTL) <span dir="ltr">based on <span class="aCOpRe">Spiro-OMeTAD</span>, and gold (Au) metal contact. </span></p>
<p>Tested under standard illumination conditions, the device achieved a power conversion efficiency of 25.75%, an open-circuit voltage of 1,184 mV, a short-circuit density of 25.93 mA cm2, and a fill factor of 84%. By comparison, a reference cell without the Mxene interlayer achieved an efficiency of 23.03%, an open-circuit voltage of 1,131 mV, a short-circuit density of 25.37 mA cm2, and a fill factor of 80%.</p>
<p>The cell was also able to retain 95.5% of the initial efficiency after 1,200 h, with the control device achieving only 76.9%.</p>
<p><span>&#8220;This is the highest performance and stability reported with using MXenes or any other type of 2D-materials,&#8221; <span lang="en-GB"><span class="accordion-tabbed__tab-mobile accordion__closed">Ahmad</span></span> stated. &#8220;This result depends on the simultaneous gains in both open-circuit voltage and fill factor, which stem from suppressed non-radiative recombination and improved charge extraction at the SnO2-perovskite interface.&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span>&#8220;We then used this MXene-adjusted device architecture to fabricate a module and measured 21.76% performance and boosted stability,&#8221; Ahmad added, noting that future research will be focused on scaling up from cell to module. </span></p>
<p>The cell was described in &#8220;<a href="https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.202522376" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Environmental Benign Cl-Terminated MXene For Buried Interface Engineering in Perovskite Solar Modules</a>,&#8221; published in <em>Advanced Functional Materials</em>. T<span>h</span>e researc<span>h</span> team included scientists from <span>Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST).</span></p>
<p>Previous attempts to use Mxene in perovskite solar cells resulted in <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/09/23/mxenes-based-perovskite-solar-cell-achieves-23-66-efficiency/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">devices with 23% efficiency</a>, <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/07/08/2d-dion-jacobson-perovskite-solar-cell-based-on-mxene-contacts-achieves-17-47-efficiency/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"> 17% efficiency</a>, and <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2025/10/16/perovksite-solar-cell-based-on-mxene-achieves-25-13-efficiency/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">25.13% efficiency</a>. <span class="aCOpRe">Separately, another international research group recently conducted a <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/03/10/solar-cells-based-on-2d-carbides-nitrides/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">review</a> to find out how <span class="ILfuVd"><span class="hgKElc"><a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/01/29/inverted-perovskite-solar-cell-with-transition-metal-carbides-achieves-19-2-efficiency/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">MXenes</a> could be used as materials for solar cells</span></span></span></p>