Eight facts about air conditioning amid an overheated globa…

Summary

<p>As successive heatwaves hit Europe, air-conditioning (AC) has emerged as a new front in the international “culture war” over climate…</p> <p>The post <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/eight-facts-about-air-conditioning-amid-an-overheated-global-debate">Eight facts about air conditioning amid an overheated global debate</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org">Carbon Brief</a>.</p>

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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As successive <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/media-reaction-how-climate-change-intensified-europes-record-breaking-june-heat/">heatwaves</a> hit Europe, air-conditioning (AC) has emerged as a new front in the international “<a href="https://euobserver.com/225254/europe-is-boiling-and-the-far-right-is-turning-air-conditioning-into-a-culture-war/">culture war</a>” over climate action.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">France, Germany and the UK have experienced <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/media-reaction-how-climate-change-intensified-europes-record-breaking-june-heat/">record-breaking heat</a> and thousands of <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-frances-june-heatwave-caused-more-than-2700-heat-related-deaths/">heat-related deaths</a> this summer, with June temperatures in many regions passing 40C.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This has drawn attention to the relatively <a href="https://www.iea.org/commentaries/staying-cool-without-overheating-the-energy-system">low rates</a> of AC use in these countries – and in Europe as a whole – especially when compared to its widespread adoption in the US.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://www.wsj.com/opinion/france-ac-heat-climate-policy-cc21724c">Legacy newspapers</a>, <a href="https://www.noahpinion.blog/p/europes-resistance-to-ac-is-driving">bloggers</a> and even <a href="https://x.com/elonmusk/status/2069471066058088505?s=20">Elon Musk</a> have all weighed in on “<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2026/07/05/europe-ac-folly/">European hostility</a>” to AC, criticising Europe’s “<a href="https://www.noahpinion.blog/p/europes-resistance-to-ac-is-driving">cultural conservatism</a>” and “<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2026/07/05/europe-ac-folly/">overbearing governments</a>”.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Right-wing politicians, including <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c4gyqldl3p5o">National Rally</a> in France and the UK <a href="https://www.instagram.com/reel/DL-G_ZYtv6Q/?igsh=M3RrbndjdWtia2Y4&wa_logging_event=video_play_open">Conservatives</a>, have <a href="https://euobserver.com/225254/europe-is-boiling-and-the-far-right-is-turning-air-conditioning-into-a-culture-war/">styled themselves</a> as champions of AC, while opposing efforts to tackle climate change.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Missing from most of these interventions is the fact that human-caused climate change has made once-rare heat far more common, in what is the world’s <a href="https://defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu/europes-warming-accelerates-beyond-global-trend-new-copernicus-data-shows-2026-04-28_en">fastest warming continent</a>.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Carbon Brief analysis for this article shows that, until the 2020s, it was rare for many European cities to see days above 30C, making AC an unnecessary expense.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Here, Carbon Brief explains – via eight facts – why AC rates in some parts of Europe are relatively low, as well as clarifies and contextualises some of the misleading claims circulating about the technology.</p>

<div class="article-summary__content">
</p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="#8">AC is not the only answer to overheating cities</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>
<ul class="wp-block-list"></p>
<li><a href="#1">Much of Europe has not needed AC in the past</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="#2">AC is already widely used in hotter parts of Europe</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="#3">Some European nations have ‘resisted’ AC – but its popularity is growing</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="#4">AC emissions are growing, but its climate impact could be limited</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="#5">Heat from AC can contribute to directly warming cities</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="#6">More AC could help to reduce heat deaths in Europe</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="#7">‘Net-zero rules’ are not blocking AC installation in the UK</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="#8">AC is not the only answer to overheating cities</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<a href="#much-of-europe-has-not-needed-ac-in-the-past">
<span>Much of Europe has not needed AC in the past</span> </a>
</li>
<li class="article-contents__item article-contents__item--level-2">
<a href="#ac-is-already-widely-used-in-hotter-parts-of-europe">
<span>AC is already widely used in hotter parts of Europe</span> </a>
</li>
<li class="article-contents__item article-contents__item--level-2">
<a href="#some-european-nations-have-resisted-ac-but-its-popularity-is-growing">
<span>Some European nations have ‘resisted’ AC – but its popularity is growing</span> </a>
</li>
<li class="article-contents__item article-contents__item--level-2">
<a href="#ac-emissions-are-growing-but-its-climate-impact-could-be-limited">
<span>AC emissions are growing, but its climate impact could be limited</span> </a>
</li>
<li class="article-contents__item article-contents__item--level-2">
<a href="#heat-from-ac-can-contribute-to-directly-warming-cities">
<span>Heat from AC can contribute to directly warming cities</span> </a>
</li>
<li class="article-contents__item article-contents__item--level-2">
<a href="#more-ac-could-help-to-reduce-heat-deaths-in-europe">
<span>More AC could help to reduce heat deaths in Europe</span> </a>
</li>
<li class="article-contents__item article-contents__item--level-2">
<a href="#net-zero-rules-are-not-blocking-ac-installation-in-the-uk">
<span>‘Net-zero rules’ are not blocking AC installation in the UK</span> </a>
</li>
<li class="article-contents__item article-contents__item--level-2">
<a href="#ac-is-not-the-only-answer-to-overheating-cities">
<span>AC is not the only answer to overheating cities</span> </a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>

</div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="much-of-europe-has-not-needed-ac-in-the-past">Much of Europe has not needed AC in the past</h2>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">AC installation rates in northern parts of Europe are very low. The best available estimates suggest that <a href="https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/klima-energie/fluorierte-treibhausgase-fckw/natuerliche-kaeltemittel-in-stationaeren-anlagen/anwendungen/gebaeudeklimatisierung#gebudeklimatisierung-in-deutschland">6%</a> of households in Germany and just <a href="https://www.reading.ac.uk/news/2026/Research-News/The-most-at-risk-from-heat-have-the-least-air-con">4%</a> in England use AC.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">However, these rates are largely explained by the historical climates in these nations. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Unlike the US, much of the housing stock and infrastructure in Europe was built at a time when AC <a href="https://www.energy.gov/articles/history-air-conditioning">did not exist</a> and was not necessary.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Moreover, nations such as France, Germany and the UK have only started to regularly experience extreme heat in recent decades. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The chart below shows the average number of days per year, in each decade since the 1950s, when maximum temperatures have exceeded 30C in major European cities. Capitals such as London and Paris have seen a significant jump since around 2000.</p>

<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img alt="Average number of days per year with a daily maximum temperature of at least 30C in a selection of major European cities, for each decade since the 1950s" class="wp-image-77083" height="1072" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Many_cities_in_Europe_have_only_started_regularly_experiencing_temperatures_over_30C_in_recent_years.png" width="1560" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Average number of days per year with a daily maximum temperature of at least 30C in a selection of major European cities, for each decade since the 1950s. Source: <a href="https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/reanalysis-era5-single-levels?tab=overview">Copernicus ERA5</a>, Carbon Brief analysis by Dr Zeke Hausfather.</figcaption></figure>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/person/prof-jan-rosenow">Prof Jan Rosenow</a>, an energy and climate researcher at the <a href="https://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/">University of Oxford</a>, tells Carbon Brief:</p>

<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p class="is-style-typestyle-large wp-block-paragraph">“For most of the 20th century, northern Europe simply didn’t need cooling. Homes in Britain and Germany were built to keep heat in, not out, because winters were cold and summers rarely hot.”</p>
</blockquote>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Much of the commentary about the relatively low rates of European AC use focuses on cultural or “<a href="https://spectator.com/article/frances-ideological-war-on-air-conditioning/">ideological</a>” factors. (See: <a href="#3">Some European nations have ‘resisted’ AC – but its popularity is growing</a>.)</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">However, Rosenow says people’s views on AC in these countries likely stem from their historically colder climates. He adds:</p>

<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p class="is-style-typestyle-large wp-block-paragraph">“Attitudes formed around those facts, not the other way round…There is a cultural element, but it is the product of climate, not of some green ideological project.”</p>
</blockquote>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In the past, many in Europe relied on traditional methods to keep buildings cool. <a href="https://climateanalytics.org/team/richard-black">Richard Black</a>, head of communications at <a href="https://climateanalytics.org/">Climate Analytics</a>, made this point in a post on <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/posts/riblack_its-important-to-see-the-recent-transatlantic-activity-7480177909173817344-GRhq?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop&rcm=ACoAAA1v0pMBogd6fbOc1JkfSwxwGbH7OUqpRMI">LinkedIn</a>:</p>

<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p class="is-style-typestyle-large wp-block-paragraph">“Once, residents of cities such as Paris could cope with summer heatwaves by opening shutters and windows during the night, and closing them again in the morning to trap the cool air inside…We’ve reached a limit to this sort of adaptation.”</p>
</blockquote>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Now, with Europe around <a href="https://climate.copernicus.eu/esotc/2025/why-europe-warming-so-quickly">2.5C warmer</a> than pre-industrial levels, climate change is routinely <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/media-reaction-uks-record-smashing-40c-heatwave-and-climate-change/">driving</a> record-breaking <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/media-reaction-uks-record-smashing-40c-heatwave-and-climate-change/">heatwaves</a>, even in the north of the continent.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This is forcing a reappraisal of societies that were “built for a climate that no longer exists”, as the UK’s <a href="https://www.theccc.org.uk/">Climate Change Committee</a> (CCC) put it in a recent <a href="https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/a-well-adapted-uk/">report</a>.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Experts <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/ccc-investing-in-urgent-uk-adaptation-action-cheaper-than-climate-damages/">broadly</a> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-why-cities-need-more-than-just-air-conditioning-for-extreme-heat/">agree</a> that much of Europe will indeed need more AC, particularly in spaces housing the most vulnerable populations, such as care homes, schools and hospitals. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">At the same time, they also emphasise broader, “passive” efforts to make cities and homes cooler alongside increased AC use. (See: <a href="#8">AC is not the only answer to overheating cities</a>.)</p>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="ac-is-already-widely-used-in-hotter-parts-of-europe">AC is already widely used in hotter parts of Europe</h2>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">During periods of extreme heat, articles <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2026/07/05/europe-ac-folly/">criticising</a> “European hostility” towards the technology frequently <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/climate/europe-heat-air-conditioning">note</a> that “only about <a href="https://www.iea.org/commentaries/staying-cool-without-overheating-the-energy-system">20%</a>” of households in Europe have AC.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Often, this is contrasted with the US, where <a href="https://www.census.gov/data/experimental-data-products/lace.html">more than 90%</a> of households have AC installed. (In fact, the US is something of a <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/households-air-conditioning">global outlier</a>, matched only by Japan.) </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">However, the continent-wide figure for Europe obscures the reality. In southern Europe – where temperatures are and have always been higher – AC is relatively common.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The map below, based on official EU <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_d_hhq/default/table?lang=en">data</a>, shows that southern European nations use far more household energy for “<a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20260708-1">space cooling</a>” than those in the north. </p>

<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img alt="Percentage share of household energy consumption used for “space cooling”, including AC, in EU member states and the Balkans" class="wp-image-77084" height="1548" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Air_conditioning_is_already_widespread_in_southern_Europe2C_but_much_rarer_in_northern_Europe2.png" width="1560" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Percentage share of household energy consumption used for “space cooling”, including AC, in EU member states and the Balkans. Source: <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_d_hhq/default/table?lang=en">Eurostat</a>.</figcaption></figure>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Government <a href="https://www.istat.it/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Report_Dotazioni-energetiche-delle-famiglie_Anno-2024.pdf">figures</a> show that nearly 60% of Italian households have AC. Household-level data in many countries is patchy, but various analyses have placed that figure at <a href="https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-greece-stateless/2025/07/22075658-gpgr_summer-energy-poverty_analysis.pdf">70-80%</a> in Greece and <a href="https://www.idealista.com/news/inmobiliario/vivienda/2024/07/04/818081-el-41-del-parque-de-viviendas-en-espana-tiene-aire-acondicionado">41%</a> in Spain – with higher penetration in the hotter, southern part of the country.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The same pattern can be seen within France. International coverage has <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2026/07/07/europe/france-heatwave-air-con-politics-intl">stressed</a> the country’s “cultural resistance to AC”, <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c4gyqldl3p5o">citing</a> a nationwide <a href="https://www.actu-environnement.com/media/pdf/news-37991-ademe-etude-climatisation-france-2020.pdf">figure</a> from 2020 that suggests “only” 25% of French households have AC.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">However, polling data from customers of the <a href="https://www.hellowatt.fr/?srsltid=AfmBOor1ArRra-VKb1yWQmhISPEaovtX_939-mFE__fEHf4Asy8eeO8h">Hello Watt</a> energy app suggests that there is a distinct north-south divide in French uptake. At least 60% of households in Mediterranean regions of France are equipped with AC, according to these figures.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This can be seen in the map below, with households across northern regions, including Paris, reporting far lower AC installation rates, often below 5%.</p>

<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img alt="Percentage share of households equipped with AC in departments of mainland France" class="wp-image-77085" height="1642" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Household_AC_use_is_higher_in_the_south_of_France_E28093_where_temperatures_have_always_been_higher_E28093_than_the_north1.png" width="1560" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Percentage share of households equipped with AC in departments of mainland France, according to polling data. Source: <a href="https://www.hellowatt.fr/blog/climatisation-2026-departement/">Hello Watt</a>.</figcaption></figure>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Finally, when making such comparisons to Europe, it is worth noting that high rates of AC use reported for the entire US also obscure <a href="https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2026/06/air-conditioning.html">significant differences</a> between – and within – US states. This, too, aligns with differences in regional climate.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Hotter states in the US south have near-universal AC access. But in Washington, a north-western state with a climate more comparable to that of western Europe, <a href="https://www.census.gov/data/experimental-data-products/lace.html">66%</a> of people have AC in their homes.</p>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="some-european-nations-have-resisted-ac-but-its-popularity-is-growing">Some European nations have ‘resisted’ AC – but its popularity is growing</h2>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">International commentators have written extensively <a href="https://www.wsj.com/world/europe/europe-heat-wave-temperatures-air-conditioning-b7fb110d?mod=WSJ_TJPOD">about</a> Europe’s “longstanding resistance to cooling technology”, especially when compared to the US.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Newspaper editorials in the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2026/07/05/europe-ac-folly/">Washington Post</a> and the <a href="https://www.wsj.com/opinion/france-ac-heat-climate-policy-cc21724c">Wall Street Journal</a>, alongside numerous <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/2026/06/europe-heat-wave-air-conditioning/687729/?utm_source=feed">op-eds</a> and <a href="https://www.thefp.com/p/i-once-thought-europeans-lived-as-well-americans">blog posts</a>, have added fuel to this “<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/jul/05/europe-air-conditioning-culture-wars-heat-up">culture war</a>”. Elon Musk has even <a href="https://x.com/elonmusk/status/2069471066058088505?s=20">promoted</a> an AI-generated message stating that Europeans “should just install AC”.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Often, European attitudes are attributed to “<a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/07/04/sweating-french-at-war-over-air-con-guilt/">guilt</a>” about AC’s energy demand, “<a href="https://www.noahpinion.blog/p/europes-resistance-to-ac-is-driving">cultural conservatism</a>” or “<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2026/07/05/europe-ac-folly/">overbearing governments</a>”. One commentator <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/2026/06/europe-heat-wave-air-conditioning/687729/?utm_source=feed">ascribed</a> divergent attitudes in Europe and the US to “different ideas about physical suffering and sacrifice”.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Meanwhile, right-leaning commentators and climate-sceptic groups have <a href="https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/international-issues/air-conditioning-in-europe-is-limited-by-climate-policy/#:~:text=In%20contrast%2C%20only%20about%2020,air%20conditioning%20than%20European%20homes.">blamed</a> “climate policies, which view AC as an unnecessary luxury”.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In general, these critiques often fail to consider the most obvious explanation, which is that AC adoption is low in northern Europe because the historical climate made AC unnecessary.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Critical articles have instead <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2026/07/05/europe-ac-folly/">drawn attention</a> to <a href="https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/growing-pros-of-air-con-sweltering-french-say-its-better-to-be-cool-than-green-r7bdqjjwl">restrictions</a> on AC use in <a href="https://www.thelocal.ch/20250701/do-you-need-your-swiss-landlords-permission-before-installing-air-conditioning">some</a> European countries, as well as the lack of support for AC in official heatwave guidance.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For France, in particular, <a href="https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2026-06/enquete-rechauffement-villes-ipsos-bva-bouygues-immobilier-rapport-complet.pdf">polling</a> has indeed highlighted <a href="https://www.france24.com/en/french-heatwave-drives-up-demand-for-ac-despite-concerns">widespread</a> <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/b9abbdc4-0993-4e7b-bb68-75d02d644ecc?syn-25a6b1a6=1">disapproval</a> of AC, both on environmental grounds and due to alleged <a href="https://euobserver.com/225294/air-conditioning-divides-france-but-extreme-heat-is-changing-the-debate/">health impacts</a>. Such messages have also been voiced regularly in French <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/b9abbdc4-0993-4e7b-bb68-75d02d644ecc?syn-25a6b1a6=1">media</a> and by left-leaning and green <a href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260625-french-aversion-to-air-conditioning-melts-as-homes-sizzle">politicians</a>.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">However, across Europe there are plenty of signs that such attitudes are shifting, following successive spells of extreme heat. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Amid the June heatwave, there were reports from <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/why-germans-dont-have-air-conditioning/a-77685580">Germany</a>, <a href="https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/heatwave-drives-surge-in-air-conditioner-and-fan-sales-in-paris/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjY6bmV3c21sX01UMUFOQURMMDAwSjA2RlE0">France</a> and the <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c1wyl2glg93o">UK</a> of “<a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3358151/europe-bakes-early-heatwave-fan-and-air-con-sales-skyrocket">skyrocketing</a>” AC sales. This surge was even <a href="https://www.news.cn/world/20260706/cb512240c2f74837970840522d64d3a7/c.html">acknowledged</a> by the foreign ministry in China, due to the <a href="https://www.news.cn/world/20260702/97be20afa67c4af18da9ef249bf82f39/c.html">nation’s role</a> in supplying many of these products.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The shift is taking place in politics as well. <a href="https://www.euronews.com/2024/07/08/who-is-marine-tondelier-meet-the-green-leader-who-inspired-france-to-vote-against-the-far-">Marine Tondelier</a>, leader of the French Green party – which has traditionally opposed AC – recently <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/environment/article/2026/06/22/politicians-and-presidential-candidates-remain-in-denial-about-the-challenges-of-adapting-to-global-warming_6754740_114.html?srsltid=AfmBOoorm_noIqZQ2ZmbBQIyWpBAvmsxa_qBM67Ur_v7o3AJMIx1vb7p">stated</a> that “there are places where we just can’t do without AC anymore”.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Overall, AC has been on the rise across Europe, with France, Spain and the Netherlands all <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_d_hhq/default/table?lang=en">using</a> more than twice as much energy for AC and other “space cooling” technologies in 2024 as they did in 2015. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">AC production in Germany has also <a href="https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/air-conditioner-production-germany-75-past-five-years">risen</a> by at least 75% in recent years and a <a href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/Zahl-der-Woche/2026/PD26_27_p002.html?nn=2110">growing share</a> of German homes are being built with it installed.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Notably, there is little evidence that “climate policies” are blocking Europeans from installing AC. Polling in <a href="https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/use-air-conditioning-rise-germany-summers-become-hotter">Germany</a> shows that, while people are concerned about environmental impacts, the high costs of installing and running it are perceived as greater barriers.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Finally, there is an important distinction between individual AC units in people’s homes and installing them in public spaces, such as hospitals, care homes and schools. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">While <a href="https://thenewworld.substack.com/p/the-politics-of-air-conditioning">neither</a> is widespread in France, support for the latter can increasingly be <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2023/08/03/how-france-has-adapted-since-the-deadly-2003-heatwave_6078150_7.html?srsltid=AfmBOopNU4lKCJD9hentDhV4NKXTt-gbXMmv_rivzma5KrOSdcSzw3Ki">found</a> across the political spectrum, from <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/environment/article/2026/06/22/politicians-and-presidential-candidates-remain-in-denial-about-the-challenges-of-adapting-to-global-warming_6754740_114.html?srsltid=AfmBOoorm_noIqZQ2ZmbBQIyWpBAvmsxa_qBM67Ur_v7o3AJMIx1vb7p">Greens</a> to the far-right <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/b9abbdc4-0993-4e7b-bb68-75d02d644ecc?syn-25a6b1a6=1">National Rally</a> (RN). </p>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="ac-emissions-are-growing-but-its-climate-impact-could-be-limited">AC emissions are growing, but its climate impact could be limited</h2>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://edition.cnn.com/climate/europe-heat-air-conditioning">Some</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jun/14/british-homes-aircon-coal-fired-power-station-extravagance">people</a> have <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/may/28/air-conditioning-uk-homes-heatwave">noted</a> that a wider rollout of AC in Europe could drive up emissions. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As noted in the <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/50f69324-8dc8-4ef1-b471-d78e260adae0?syn-25a6b1a6=1">Financial Times</a> by columnist and chief data reporter John Burn-Murdoch, there is a logic to this argument, “at least superficially”. He writes: </p>

<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">“AC uses a lot of energy; if the proposed defence against emissions-driven global warming means emitting more, then we have an obvious problem.” </p>
</blockquote>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The emissions impact of AC depends heavily on the generation mix of a country’s power sector. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">According to the <a href="https://www.iea.org/">International Energy Agency</a> (IEA), “space cooling” – mostly AC, but this does include some fans – used <a href="https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings/space-cooling">2,100 terawatt-hours</a> (TWh) of power globally in 2022. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As such, it was <a href="https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings/space-cooling">responsible</a> for 1bn tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) from electricity use globally. This <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/air-conditioning-causes-around-greenhouse-gas-emissions-will-change-future">equates</a> to around 2.7% of total CO2 emissions globally from fossil fuels and industry.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">(As well as indirect emissions through power use, AC units can also directly <a href="https://carbometrix.com/insights/how-to-determine-the-carbon-footprint-of-an-air-conditioning-system/">release</a> greenhouse gases – used as AC refrigerants – when they <a href="https://india.mongabay.com/short-article/2025/09/plugging-ac-leaks-is-the-next-step-to-improving-energy-and-emission-efficiency-says-report/?noamp=mobile">leak</a> or are improperly disposed of. Following the 2016 <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-why-a-un-climate-deal-on-hfcs-matters/">Kigali Amendment</a>, countries are progressively trying to phase down the use of potent greenhouse gases in AC units.)</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In a <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/posts/lauri-myllyvirta-3164703b_adoption-of-air-conditioning-in-europe-at-ugcPost-7477695261448929280-8bua/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_android&rcm=ACoAAAL7qHQBAyJW0oiRL6RFnZ3OBIpxayxUBHQ">LinkedIn</a> post, <a href="https://energyandcleanair.org/author/laurimyllyvirta/">Lauri Myllyvirta</a>, lead analyst at the <a href="https://energyandcleanair.org/">Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air</a> and <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/author/laurimyllyvirta/">regular</a> Carbon Brief contributor, says:</p>

<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p class="is-style-typestyle-large wp-block-paragraph">“There is a lot of alarmist messaging about how much electricity AC uses. However, on an annual basis, the demand is not that substantial. Currently, AC uses about 1% of electricity in the EU and catching up to adoption rates in the US would double this.”</p>
</blockquote>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">According to the IEA <a href="https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/0bb45525-277f-4c9c-8d0c-9c0cb5e7d525/The_Future_of_Cooling.pdf">estimates</a> from 2018, “if left unchecked, energy demand from AC will more than triple by 2050”, reaching 6,200TWh of power. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">By mid-century, households would contribute the most to the increase (70%), with at least two-thirds of the world’s households potentially having AC, according to the Paris-based agency. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Decarbonising electricity grids and <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2024/how-can-energy-efficiency-alleviate-rising-heatwave-driven-electricity-demand">energy-efficiency</a> improvements can reduce AC emissions and their impact on climate. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For instance, in countries with a low-carbon electricity mix – such as <a href="https://www.iea.org/countries/france?__cf_chl_f_tk=tKgaMjghZvHvQT6dkEPZY6NzcubwTLsSwj10kcvET6c-1783429712-1.0.1.1-fEAck9GQtjG91xWom2fnK6UD8_dRRH1YSEr286JvAFI/renewables">France</a>, where nuclear energy accounts for 67% of its electricity generation – expanding AC would have a more limited climate impact than in other countries. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In countries such as India, there could be a more significant increase in emissions as AC is adopted, due to the role <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/india-fires-up-coal-use-emissions-during-election-heat-wave-maguire-2024-05-09/">coal</a> plays in the country’s energy mix, especially during the night. Demand is growing fast – following low access historically – and many AC units are <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-energy-efficient-air-conditioning-could-save-indian-homes-69bn-rupees-a-year/">inefficient</a>, with high electricity use.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">According to a new <a href="https://iecc.gspp.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/IECC-Beating-the-Heat-AC-Efficiency-Report-May26.pdf">working paper</a> from the <a href="https://iecc.gspp.berkeley.edu/about/">India Energy and Climate Center</a> (IECC) at the <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/">University of California, Berkeley</a>, “room AC” – portable plug-in units, as opposed to those permanently installed in buildings – already accounts for nearly one-quarter of India’s peak electricity demand (60-70GW) – and this is before the <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/evening-peak-power-demand-exposes-gaps-in-indias-energy-transition-citi/articleshow/130992167.cms">majority</a> of Indian households have bought their first AC unit. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://gspp.berkeley.edu/research-and-impact/faculty/nikit-abhyankar">Dr Nikit Abhyankar</a>, co-faculty director of the IECC, tells Carbon Brief that, as AC use is expanded across the world, it should be paired with solar and battery storage, where the “economics have completely shifted” in the last few years. This will help to cut both <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-energy-efficient-air-conditioning-could-save-indian-homes-69bn-rupees-a-year/">energy bills</a> and emissions. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">According to the <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2024/how-can-energy-efficiency-alleviate-rising-heatwave-driven-electricity-demand">IEA</a>, accelerating energy efficiency improvements could deliver more than one-third of all CO2 emission reductions between now and 2030. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The global energy demand needed to run ACs alone in 2050 could be reduced by 1,300GW – the equivalent of all of China and India’s coal plants – through energy efficiency measures, it <a href="https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/0bb45525-277f-4c9c-8d0c-9c0cb5e7d525/The_Future_of_Cooling.pdf">estimates</a>.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://www.sustainablefutures.org/author/aditya-valiathan-pillai/">Aditya Valiathan Pillai</a>, a climate adaptation researcher at <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/">King’s College London</a>, tells Carbon Brief that, as the use of AC expands, there is a conversation to be had about where and “what type of technology [is used] and who gets access” to it.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">A final point is that many AC units are <a href="https://energysavingtrust.org.uk/advice/air-to-air-heat-pumps/">air-to-air heat pumps</a>, which can <a href="https://www.thetimes.com/uk/environment/article/air-con-units-uk-heatwave-energy-bills-2z6pd277m">efficiently heat homes</a>, as well as keeping them cool. As such, wider AC adoption could boost the adoption of electrified heat, helping to cut emissions from gas boilers.</p>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="heat-from-ac-can-contribute-to-directly-warming-cities">Heat from AC can contribute to directly warming cities</h2>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Some critics of AC <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jun/14/british-homes-aircon-coal-fired-power-station-extravagance">mention</a> its electricity demands and associated CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion, which contribute to raising the temperature of the entire planet. (See: <a href="#4">AC emissions are growing, but its climate impact could be limited</a>.)</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">But AC also has a localised impact. It <a href="https://www.rics.org/news-insights/wbef/the-air-conditioning-paradox">works</a> by removing heat from indoor air and pushing it outdoors, raising temperatures on the street and exacerbating the “<a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-englands-most-ethnically-diverse-areas-are-15-times-more-likely-to-face-extreme-heat/">urban heat island</a>” effect.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Left-leaning French politicians are among those <a href="https://www.euronews.com/2023/08/30/fact-check-is-air-conditioning-making-cities-hotter">citing</a> this as an argument against AC, particularly in cities. Indeed, <a href="https://www.lesrencontreseconomiques.fr/en/speakers/emmanuel-gregoire/">Emmanuel Grégoire</a>, the Socialist mayor of Paris, appeared to be making this point in an interview with <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/politics/article/2026/06/25/paris-mayor-gregoire-on-the-climate-crisis-to-adapt-together-we-need-to-change-our-way-of-life_6754853_5.html?srsltid=AfmBOopqM-eCxWEAFIJbhBIhOAtnAropu4zcwEFxscLILYfz_pwNori6">Le Monde</a>, during the June heatwave:</p>

<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p class="is-style-typestyle-large wp-block-paragraph">“[AC] can be useful for cooling collective spaces and protecting the most vulnerable populations, but individual AC is a scourge – it makes the problem worse by heating the city even more.”</p>
</blockquote>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">One <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2013JD021225">study</a> concludes that, in a city such as Phoenix, Arizona, where the technology is widespread, AC use during a heatwave can raise night-time temperatures by 1-1.5C.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab6a24">Another</a> models a nine-day heatwave in Paris – in a future with “massive” AC use – and finds an increase in external temperature of more than 2C, due to heat emitted by the units.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Given this, some scientists argue that AC can be a form of climate “<a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-why-avoiding-climate-change-maladaptation-is-vital/">maladaptation</a>” – referring to actions that backfire and make people more vulnerable to global warming.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC) has highlighted this issue, <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter07.pdf">concluding</a>:</p>

<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p class="is-style-typestyle-large wp-block-paragraph">“AC may constitute a maladaptation because of its high demands on energy and associated heat emissions, especially in high-density cities.”</p>
</blockquote>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Compared to the US, <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/decoded/2019/12/10/measuring-community-type-in-europe-from-big-cities-to-country-villages/">more people</a> in Europe live in dense, urban areas. According to <a href="https://www.vincentviguie.com/">Dr Vincent Viguié</a>, a climate change economist at <a href="https://ecoledesponts.fr/">École des Ponts ParisTech</a>, this could leave Europeans more exposed to heat from AC units. He tells Carbon Brief:</p>

<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p class="is-style-typestyle-large wp-block-paragraph">“If you live in a neighbourhood that is not dense, like in a suburban neighbourhood or in the countryside, you don’t care about this…So, once again, there is a key difference between US and European cities.”</p>
</blockquote>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Viguié is <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab6a24">among</a> the experts <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-why-cities-need-more-than-just-air-conditioning-for-extreme-heat/">arguing</a> that other climate-adaptation measures should be considered alongside AC, to keep entire cities cool – not just individual homes. He says:</p>

<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p class="is-style-typestyle-large wp-block-paragraph">“It’s not to say that the heat released by AC by itself is a reason to forbid AC…It’s just that not taking that into account may lead to bad decisions.”</p>
</blockquote>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="more-ac-could-help-to-reduce-heat-deaths-in-europe">More AC could help to reduce heat deaths in Europe</h2>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Heatwaves can be <a href="https://www.unicef.org/innocenti/cooling-dilemma-amid-climate-change">deadly</a>, especially for older or vulnerable members of society. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">According to <a href="https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/fossil-fuel-emissions-have-rapidly-worsened-european-heatwaves-in-just-a-few-decades/">climate scientists</a> at <a href="https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/">World Weather Attribution</a>, “heatwaves cause more deaths in Europe than all other natural hazards combined”. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The heatwave in June 2026 is <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2532825-june-heatwave-may-have-killed-around-20000-people-in-europe/">estimated</a> to have killed more than 20,000 people in Europe. In France – which has seen some of the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jul/03/deaths-france-surged-hottest-week-record-heatwave-june">hottest</a> temperatures – the heatwave caused more than 2,700 heat-related deaths, according to <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-frances-june-heatwave-caused-more-than-2700-heat-related-deaths/">analysis</a> published by Carbon Brief. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">AC <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/how-can-the-world-reduce-deaths-from-extreme-heat">does</a> help to <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/how-can-the-world-reduce-deaths-from-extreme-heat">protect</a> people from the effects of extreme heat. A 2021 study found that globally, AC averted an estimated <a href="https://www.unicef.org/innocenti/cooling-dilemma-amid-climate-change">190,000</a> heat-related deaths annually during 2019-21.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">With its much higher penetration of AC, the US has fewer deaths due to extreme heat than Europe. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Heat kills around 11 people out of every 100,000 in Europe, compared to around two people in the US, according to <a href="https://hannahritchie.substack.com/p/heat-guns-america-europe#footnote-7">analysis</a> by data scientist <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/hannahritchie.bsky.social">Dr Hannah Ritchie</a> from <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/">Our World in Data</a>.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="http://thefp.com/p/i-once-thought-europeans-lived-as-well-americans?hide_intro_popup=true">Several</a> publications have <a href="https://fortune.com/2026/06/26/heat-death-europe-ac-american-gun-violence-climate-change-hot-summer/">pointed</a> out that “Europe’s heatwaves are deadlier than American gun violence”. While this is technically accurate in absolute terms, Ritchie says the comparison is “a bit silly” for a number of reasons, not least because on a per-capita basis, US gun deaths are higher.</p>

<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img alt="Average annual deaths per 100,000 for heat and gun deaths in the US (red) and Europe (blue) to as close to the end of 2024 as possible" class="wp-image-77086" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/version-2-scaled.png" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Average annual deaths per 100,000 for heat and gun deaths in the US (red) and Europe (blue) to as close to the end of 2024 as possible. Heat deaths are based on excess death methodology, not death certificates. Source: <a href="https://hannahritchie.substack.com/p/heat-guns-america-europe">By the Numbers</a>. </figcaption></figure>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">However, experts suggest that AC is only one part of a wider effort to protect people from extreme heat. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">A 2020 <a href="https://www.ovid.com/jnls/epidem/abstract/10.1097/ede.0000000000001241~air-conditioning-and-heat-related-mortality-a-multi-country?redirectionsource=fulltextview">study</a> looking at heat-related mortality in Canada, Japan, Spain and the US, found that excess deaths due to heat decreased between 1972 and 2009.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For example, the proportion of deaths due to extreme heat fell from 1.7% to 0.5% over the period in the US and 3.5% to 2.8% in Spain. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">However, an increase in AC only explained 16.7% of the drop in the US and 14.3% in Spain. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The research concludes that “other factors have played an equal or more important role in increasing the resilience of populations”. This is supported by <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/jun/26/adapting-heat-ideas-from-european-cities">research</a> that shows changes to cities, such as planting more trees, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-03186-1.epdf?sharing_token=lQwNBwgoImKMdguMSlA6WNRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0MGs2wYnOgTq4jOIn-Mp-ZuzypzvDKreRSqVDlbf6mTBI3__awpb5hX4o-iKBcajnJinZaFk4NHA1GRLmpp1qfAX1UlLKMIqD9lzXojdiP4IRvGMcQISDYpNZme-ZjMVR10cL8lUYavUl14bJx5VCCjDLfIkHWT8aXA3XyODq74J-moNgwvZ2n6Jkis8YyM5bXYB_mIdkXNWxSyzmfPwW0NR4fe_97lES6VzeaybXz2xOYlvh2aYhB_Hf136cCpMhVoXqK9BuIJ1_vudYF702fRMHnr3IHIiMKfMzcBcKiUzQ%3D%3D&tracking_referrer=www.theguardian.com">as well as</a> behavioural shifts and public-health measures, can all protect people from dangerous heat.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Additionally, across Europe there is already a range of policies and measures in place to protect the most vulnerable from heatwaves. Many of these were brought in following the <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-unprecedented-summer-heat-europe-1-5c-warming/">unprecedented summer</a> of 2003, when 70,000 died from extreme heat. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">These policies were <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/07/04/sweating-french-at-war-over-air-con-guilt/">highlighted</a> by French environment minister <a href="https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/agnes-pannier-runacher">Agnès Pannier-Runacher</a>, in response to the far-right National Rally (RN) party’s AC proposals:</p>

<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p class="is-style-typestyle-large wp-block-paragraph">“The incompetent RN has just found out that nursing homes need air-conditioned rooms. Thank you, but it’s actually been mandatory since 2004.”</p>
</blockquote>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Another <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2503577122">study</a> found that measures that have already been rolled out in France would cut the projected death toll of a 2003-like heatwave by <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/jun/27/decades-climate-warnings-why-europe-so-unprepared-rising-heat">more than 75%</a>. This is in part due to the expansion of AC in places such as nursing homes, but also other approaches, such as heat action plans. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For example, France has a multi-tiered <a href="https://www.undrr.org/resource/case-study/country-heat-policy-review-france">action plan</a>, which includes local governments ensuring access to cooled spaces and water, keeping a list of vulnerable individuals for targeted interventions, as well as national information campaigns. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">According to the <a href="https://www.undrr.org/resource/case-study/country-heat-policy-review-france">UN’s office for disaster risk reduction</a>, this French plan has led to a “significant reduction in heat-related mortality”.   </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">While action plans have proved successful in a number of nations, less than <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/5f069b03-f694-48da-951e-98c5923a14e4?syn-25a6b1a6=1">half</a> of European countries have such a plan in place. </p>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="net-zero-rules-are-not-blocking-ac-installation-in-the-uk">‘Net-zero rules’ are not blocking AC installation in the UK</h2>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In the UK, Conservative politicians and right-leaning media have tried to pit the adoption of AC against net-zero policy. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Writing in the climate-sceptic <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2025/06/24/if-climate-change-is-coming-for-britain-why-cant-we-get-air/">Daily Telegraph</a>, columnist Matthew Lynn claimed falsely:  </p>

<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p class="is-style-typestyle-large wp-block-paragraph">“Strict net-zero rules now mean that aircon is effectively banned in the UK.” </p>
</blockquote>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">(Further down the article, he concedes: “AC is not strictly speaking banned in new-build homes in the UK. But tough environmental rules mean that it is very hard, and expensive, to install in practice.”)</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The same narrative has been used in articles by <a href="https://www.gbnews.com/news/air-conditioning-heatwave-remove-40c-net-zero">GB News</a>, the <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/money/39541505/councils-order-homeowners-rip-air-con/">Sun</a> and others. A separate article in the <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/consumer-affairs/air-conditioning-torn-from-homes-under-net-zero-clampdown/">Daily Telegraph</a>’s “money” section goes further, claiming that AC had been “torn from homes under net-zero clampdown”.  </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">A <a href="https://mhclgmedia.blog.gov.uk/2026/06/25/air-conditioning-rules/">blog post</a> from the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government rebuts these claims, stating: </p>

<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p class="is-style-typestyle-large wp-block-paragraph">“There has been media coverage this week suggesting that AC is banned in homes. This is incorrect.”</p>
</blockquote>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For the UK, while it is true that fewer than <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/623841e0-b764-4720-b733-367698354ba1?syn-25a6b1a6=1">5%</a> of homes currently have AC, this is largely due to the fact that it was not hot enough in the past to warrant the expense. Historically, the focus has therefore been on keeping buildings warm, rather than cool. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Extreme heat has previously been rare in the country, so homes were built with insulation and other measures to keep heat in during the “<a href="https://www.thetimes.com/uk/environment/article/heat-makes-us-slow-and-stupid-britain-needs-air-con-now-wvp2pf6ml">dank winters</a>”. (See: <a href="#1">Much of Europe has not needed AC in the past</a>.)</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Current regulations do not ban the installation of AC outright. However – as the government’s <a href="https://mhclgmedia.blog.gov.uk/2026/06/25/air-conditioning-rules/">blog post</a> notes – there is no blanket rule, meaning there are some localised differences.  </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Certain areas – or certain kinds of properties – may be subject to additional complications for installing AC.  </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In a 2025 video on Instagram, shadow secretary of state for energy security and net-zero <a href="https://www.instagram.com/reel/DL-G_ZYtv6Q/?igsh=M3RrbndjdWtia2Y4&wa_logging_event=video_play_open">Claire Coutinho</a> referenced the <a href="https://www.london.gov.uk/programmes-strategies/planning/london-plan/london-plan-2021">London plan</a>, for example, which is a framework for development in the capital launched in 2021. She said: </p>

<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p class="is-style-typestyle-large wp-block-paragraph">“[London mayor] Sadiq Khan says no. The London plan says we shouldn’t have air con because it uses too much energy. But this is mad! This is a poverty mindset that we need to get away from.”</p>
</blockquote>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cedzj2dp6llo">London Plan</a> does not stop homes from having AC. It simply says that, for new buildings, passive design measures should be prioritised, such as the orientation of the building, the window design and incorporation of measures such as external shading and trees.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">A recent <a href="https://www.london.gov.uk/who-we-are/what-london-assembly-does/questions-mayor/find-an-answer/scrapping-air-conditioner-ban">response</a> from the mayor added further measures, such as the need to “minimise the necessity for the operation of mechanical measures including AC, which would further add to the heat island effect within urban areas and add operational cost to residents”. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Elsewhere, new-build homes across England must meet the requirements of “<a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6218c5aad3bf7f4f0b29b624/ADO.pdf">part O</a>” of the 2022 building regulation updates. This <a href="https://www.everest.co.uk/planning-permission/building-regulations-part-o/">includes</a> addressing overheating in buildings through energy-efficient design and <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/623841e0-b764-4720-b733-367698354ba1?syn-25a6b1a6=1">prioritising</a> passive cooling, with AC as a last resort. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For existing buildings, <a href="https://mhclgmedia.blog.gov.uk/2026/06/25/air-conditioning-rules/">most</a> AC units fall under “<a href="https://interactive.planningportal.co.uk/faqs/do-i-need-planning-permission-to-add-air-conditioning-to-my-home">permitted development rights</a>”, meaning no planning application is required to install them. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Additionally, regulations were <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c3e5plqke3no">relaxed</a> in 2025 to make it easier to install an air-to-air heat pump – which can both heat and cool air – without planning permission. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This means that, far from blocking the expansion of AC, net-zero policy has made it easier to install specific cooling systems. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Speaking to Carbon Brief, <a href="https://www.nesta.org.uk/team/andrew-sissons/">Andrew Sissons</a>, director of sustainable future at <a href="https://www.nesta.org.uk/">Nesta</a>, says the government must now implement its <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/discounts-for-families-to-keep-warm-in-winter-and-cool-in-summer">announced</a> £2,500 subsidy for air-to-air heat pumps “as quickly as possible”, to further ensure that the technology can be rolled out efficiently. He adds:</p>

<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p class="is-style-typestyle-large wp-block-paragraph">“[The government] should also continue to expand permitted development rights for air-to-air heat pumps, with a particular focus on flats and homes in denser areas. As long as heat pumps meet the MCS [Microgeneration Certification Scheme] <a href="https://mcscertified.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/MCS-020-a-Issue-1.0-Final.pdf">noise test</a>, there are few reasons to limit their use via the planning system.”</p>
</blockquote>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Some properties, such as large homes, listed buildings or those in conservation areas, may still require planning permission to install an air-to-air heat pump or other AC. Sissons notes that this can add cost and delay to installation. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">While it cannot be said that AC has been blocked or banned due to net-zero, neither has it been prioritised. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This may shift as temperatures continue to rise. UK government advisors at the <a href="https://www.theccc.org.uk/">Climate Change Committee</a> (CCC) <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/623841e0-b764-4720-b733-367698354ba1?syn-25a6b1a6=1">suggest</a> that 22% of the UK’s housing stock will likely need active cooling, such as AC, to cope with 2C of global warming. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The CCC’s recent adaptation <a href="https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/a-well-adapted-uk/">report</a> also calls for all new homes to be built using low-cost, passive cooling measures, alongside more AC.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Active cooling such as AC is more likely to be needed for retrofitting existing homes, the report adds.</p>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="ac-is-not-the-only-answer-to-overheating-cities">AC is not the only answer to overheating cities</h2>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">AC has become increasingly politicised in Europe, as demonstrated by France’s RN party announcing its “<a href="https://unherd.com/newsroom/frances-latest-culture-war-flashpoint-air-conditioning/">grand plan for AC</a>” in all public buildings.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As <a href="https://euobserver.com/225254/europe-is-boiling-and-the-far-right-is-turning-air-conditioning-into-a-culture-war/">noted</a> by Dutch MEP Gerben-Jan Gerbrandy, this “far-right” embrace of AC is coming from the same people who for years have “delayed emissions reductions”.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In response, left-leaning policymakers in Europe have frequently downplayed the role of AC, <a href="https://euobserver.com/225254/europe-is-boiling-and-the-far-right-is-turning-air-conditioning-into-a-culture-war/">prioritising</a> programmes of <a href="https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/politiques-publiques/adaptation-france-changement-climatique#3e-plan-national-dadaptation-au-changement-climatique-0">urban greening</a> and retrofitting older buildings.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Such approaches for dealing with extreme heat have already proved successful. Therefore, many experts <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-why-cities-need-more-than-just-air-conditioning-for-extreme-heat/">argue</a> that these methods, <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/ccc-investing-in-urgent-uk-adaptation-action-cheaper-than-climate-damages/">alongside</a> AC, will be essential to prepare for a hotter world.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">According to the IPCC’s <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-the-ipccs-sixth-assessment-on-how-to-tackle-climate-change/">sixth assessment report</a>, adaptive infrastructure, such as urban forests and green roofs, can reduce energy use because of cooling, with co-benefits for climate, air quality, physical and mental health.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">While retrofitting older buildings for heat as well as insulating them from the cold might prove challenging, urban greening and an <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670725001994">active shade policy</a> – one that determines how much of every street is exposed to direct sunlight – are simple measures cities can adopt. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Some experts have also <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264999319308168">warned</a> about the high cost of running AC, expressing concerns that excessive reliance on the technology could increase energy poverty.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In a <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-why-cities-need-more-than-just-air-conditioning-for-extreme-heat/">Carbon Brief</a> guest post published in 2025, researchers at the <a href="https://www.bc3research.org/en/">Basque Centre for Climate Change</a> found that framing AC as the “default solution” can miss the opportunity to design “more inclusive, human-centred responses” to rising temperatures. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://www.bc3research.org/en/people/staff/william-lewis/">William Lewis</a>, a PhD candidate and one of the guest post’s authors, tells Carbon Brief it is not a case of “one or the other”, when considering AC and other options:</p>

<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p class="is-style-typestyle-large wp-block-paragraph">“We have this opportunity in European countries to choose a slightly different path [from the US], which isn’t AC in every single home.”</p>
</blockquote>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">King’s College London’s Pillai says that, by centring the debate on AC, the far-right response to the heatwaves in Europe has “completely neglected the science of how you cool human beings”. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">There are many solutions, he adds, that are already widely used across hot developing countries, such as ceiling fans, windows that open and cross-ventilation, as well as strategies to reduce cumulative hours of heat exposure.</p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Pillai tells Carbon Brief that, while places reaching 42C and higher “definitely need to think about AC very seriously”, places in the “low to mid 30Cs” could rely on these alternatives. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Behavioural change, he adds, is the “least glamorous part” of heat policy, but “pulls most of the weight” of protecting people. These include a <a href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/publication/changing-behavioral-responses-to-heat-risk-in-a-warming-world-how-can-communication-approaches-be-improved/">wide range</a> of actions and responses – from reducing heat exposure, to wearing lighter clothing and drinking more water and fluids. </p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph">There are also workplace protections. Pillai tells Carbon Brief that these could include legislation on mandatory work breaks, cooling and shade requirements at workplaces, as well as health insurance that covers heat stress days that have been lost by heat-exposed workers. </p>

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<p>The post <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/eight-facts-about-air-conditioning-amid-an-overheated-global-debate">Eight facts about air conditioning amid an overheated global debate</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org">Carbon Brief</a>.</p>

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